Understand the Meaning of Heterozygous

In diploid organisms, heterozygous refers to an individual having two different alleles for a specific trait. An allele is a version of a gene or specific DNA sequence on a chromosome. Alleles are inherited through sexual reproduction as the resulting offspring inherit half of their chromosomes from the mother and half from the father. The cells in diploid organisms contain sets of homologous chromosomes, which are paired chromosomes that have the same genes at the same positions along each chromosome pair. Although homologous chromosomes have the same genes, they may have different alleles for those genes. Alleles determine how particular traits are expressed or observed. Example: The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A heterozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (Rr). Heterozygous Inheritance The three types of heterozygous inheritance are complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance. Complete Dominance: Diploid organisms have two alleles for each trait, and those alleles are different in heterozygous individuals. In complete dominance inheritance, one allele is dominant and the other is recessive. The dominant trait is observed and the recessive trait is masked. Using the previous example, round seed shape (R) is dominant and wrinkled seed shape (r) is recessive. A plant with round seeds would have either of the following genotypes: (RR) or (Rr).  A plant with wrinkled seeds would have the following genotype: (rr). The heterozygous genotype (Rr) has the dominant round seed shape as its recessive allele (r) is masked in the phenotype.Incomplete dominance: One of the heterozygous alleles does not completely mask the other. Instead, a different phenotype is seen that is a combination of the phenotypes of the two alleles. An example of this is the pink flower color in snapdragons. The allele that produces red flower color (R) is not completely expressed over the al lele that produces white flower color (r). The result in the heterozygous genotype (Rr) is a phenotype that is a mixture of red and white, or pink.Codominance: Both of the heterozygous alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype. An example of codominance is AB blood type inheritance. The A and B alleles are expressed fully and equally in the phenotype and are said to be codominant. Heterozygous vs. Homozygous An individual that is homozygous for a trait has alleles that are similar. Unlike heterozygous individuals with different alleles, homozygotes produce only homozygous offspring. These offspring may be either homozygous dominant (RR) or homozygous recessive (rr) for a trait. They may not have both dominant and recessive alleles. In contrast, both heterozygous and homozygous offspring may be derived from a heterozygote (Rr). The heterozygous offspring have both dominant and recessive alleles that may express complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance. Heterozygous Mutations Sometimes, mutations can occur on chromosomes that change the DNA sequence. These mutations are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens. In diploid organisms, a mutation that occurs on only one allele for a gene is called a heterozygous mutation. Identical mutations that occur on both alleles of the same gene are called homozygous mutations. Compound heterozygous mutations occur as a result of different mutations that happen on both alleles for the same gene.

Janus - Who Is Janus

Profile of Janus Two-faced Janus (Ianus), presumed to be native to Italy, is the god of beginnings/endings. Its after Janus that the first month of the year, Januarius January, is named. The kalends (the 1st) of each month may have been dedicated to him. Janus Basics Janus was usually the first of the gods to receive offerings. Consuls entered office on the Kalends of his month -- January. Janus and the Salian Priests Holding sacred shields, Salian priests sang a hymn to Janus. This hymn includes lines that have been translated as: Come forth with the cuckoo [in March] Truly all things dost thou make open.Thou art Janus Curiatius, the good creator art thou.Good Janus is coming, the chief of the superior rulers.- The Salian Hymn to Janus Rabun Taylor (citation below) eloquently describes the lack of a coherent story about Janus: Janus, like so many ancient gods who lacked the grace of a story, was a messy concrescence of scraps fallen from the table of memory. His incoherence was the cause of some puzzlement in the Roman Imperial era, and so he was periodically subjected to reassessments by master yarn-spinners like Ovid or by cosmologists and philosophers seeking to find profound symbolism in his duality. A Transitional God: War, Peace, Crossings Janus was not only a god of beginnings and transitions, but was also associated with war/peace since the doors of his shrine were opened except in times of peace. He may have been a god of stream crossings. Ovid on the Myth of Janus Ovid, the Augustan Age teller of mythological tales, provides a story about the early benefits conferred by Janus. [227] I have learned much indeed; but why is the figure of a ship stamped on one side of the copper coin, and a two-headed figure on the other? Under the double image, said he, you might have recognized myself, if the long lapse of time had not worn the type away. Now for the reason of the ship. In a ship the sickle-bearing god came to the Tuscan river after wandering over the world. I remember how Saturn was received in this land: he had been driven by Jupiter from the celestial realms. From that time the folk long retained the name of Saturnian, and the country, too, was called Latium from the hiding (latente) of the god. But a pious posterity inscribed a ship on the copper money to commemorate the coming of the stranger god. Myself inhabited the ground whose left side is lapped by sandy Tibers glassy wave. Here, where now is Rome, green forest stood unfilled, and all this mighty region was but pasture for a few kine. My castle was the hill which the present age is accustomed to ca ll by my name and dub Janiculum. I reigned in days when earth could bear with gods, and divinities moved freely in the abodes of men. The sin of mortals had not yet put Justice to flight (she was the last of the celestials to forsake the earth): honours self, not fear, ruled the people without appeal to force: toil there was none to expound the right to righteous men. I had naught to do with war: guardian was I of peace and doorways, and these, quoth he, showing the key, these be the arms I bear.Ovid Fasti 1 The First of the Gods Janus was also an augur and mediator, perhaps the reason he is named first among the gods in prayers. Taylor says Janus, as the founder of sacrifice and divination, since he can see the past and the future through his two faces, is the worlds first priest. Janus for Luck It was Roman tradition at the New Year to give the god honey, cakes, incense and wine to buy favorable signs and a guarantee of good luck. Gold brought better results than baser coins. Then I asked, Why, Janus, when I placate other gods, do I bring incense and wine to you first? So that you may gain entry to whatsoever gods you wish, he replied, through me, who guard the threshold. But why are glad words spoken on your Kalends? And why do we give and receive best wishes? Then the god, leaning on the staff in his right hand, said, Omens are wont to reside in beginnings. You train your anxious ears on the first call, and the augur interprets the first bird he sees. The temples and ears of gods are open, no tongue intones wasted prayers, and words have weight. Janus had finished. I was not silent for long, but tagged his final words with words of my own. What do your dates and wrinkled figs mean, or the gift of honey in a snow-white jar? The omen is the reason, said he - so that the sweetness replicates events, and so that the year should be sweet, following the course of its beginnings.Translation of Ovid Fast. 1.17 1-188 from Taylors article) Read more about Janus. References: The Salii and Campaigning in March and OctoberJ. P. V. D. BalsdonThe Classical Review, New Series, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Jun., 1966), pp. 146-147The Salian Hymn to JanusGeorge HemplTAPhA, Vol. 31, (1900), pp. 182-188Janus Custos BelliJohn BridgeThe Classical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 8 (May, 1928), pp. 610-614Problems about JanusRonald SymeThe American Journal of Philology, Vol. 100, No.The Shrine of Janus Geminus in RomeValentine MüllerAmerican Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1943), pp. 437-440Watching the Skies: Janus, Auspication, and the Shrine in the Roman ForumRabun TaylorMemoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 45 (2000), pp. 1-40

Narrative Writing †Low Profile Free Essays

Boris Watkins was humming a tune to the radio in his car when the music was interrupted by a special news bulletin. â€Å"We break into our regular programming to bring you an update on the bank robbery that occurred earlier today at the St. George’s branch of the United Bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Writing – Low Profile or any similar topic only for you Order Now A lone gunman escaped with nearly two million dollars, wounding two guards and an off-duty police officer while making his exit. Due to a malfunction in the bank’s security cameras, a photograph is not available, but a police sketch has just been released to the public. More details will follow as they come to light. We now return you to our regular broadcast.† Boris strolled through the side door of the packed jewellery store, avoiding the business’s main entrance. Casually he surveyed the store as he pretended to study a banner proclaiming â€Å"Diamond Sale Days.† One of the clerks, an attractive young woman dressed in a formal business suit, was speaking in low tones to the store’s handsome young security guard. Though the store itself was crowded, the saleswoman’s area was experiencing a lax time. She was taking advantage of the lull by passing the time with the handsome guard. From the way the two of them spoke, Boris guessed they were planning an after-hours rendezvous when suddenly the girl’s eyes caught his. In the brief span of their eye contact, he felt something odd in her stare. Had she recognised him, or in some uncanny way knew what he was up to? There had been a sudden burst of something he couldn’t quite place his finger on before their gazes broke. No, he was just being paranoid. It was part of the rush that accompanied his thefts, something he had to control. When he was stealing, Boris always felt as if he was on the verge of being caught. If he was honest with himself, he would acknowledge that this was part of the thrill. When he glanced back at the girl, he saw that she was engaged in deep conversation with her beau, forgetting about him completely. That was the way Boris liked it; the lower the profile, the better. Boris walked out of their direct sight and approached a busy counter where several customers were vying for a lone salesman’s attentions. Perfect. He pushed his way to the counter, and after several minutes of waiting, managed to catch the man’s attention. Boris asked to see three sets of expensive diamond earrings and one set of inferior jewellery most likely brought into the store just for the sale. Pretending to ponder the choices, Boris ignored the bustling crowd at his elbows. Finally another customer grew impatient with him and said in a stern voice to the salesman, â€Å"While he’s making up his mind, I see exactly what I want. I insist that you take my money right now.† That was what Boris had been waiting for. With the salesman’s attention distracted for a few moments, Boris slipped the most expensive earrings off the counter and into his pocket before anyone could see what he’d done. In plain sight, he picked up the cheap earrings and approached the salesman with a fifty dollar bill in his hand. Boris said, â€Å"I’ve made up my mind. I’ll take these.† The salesman looked at Boris, then back at the abandoned earrings still on the counter ten paces away. Breathlessly, he said, â€Å"One moment, please,† as he retrieved the unclaimed diamond sets remaining. Frowning for a second at the counter, he shrugged slightly before replacing the remaining sets back in the display. Boris hadn’t even realized he’d been holding his breath. After accepting the woman’s purchase ahead of him, the clerk took care of Boris, pointedly ignoring his attempt at small talk as he watched a few disgruntled customers walking away empty-handed. With a store bag proudly displayed, Boris fought his way back to the side entrance he’d just come in. The odds of anyone suspecting him of wrongdoing should be negligible. After all, he had a perfectly legitimate receipt in his possession for the cheap earrings now in his bag. It was simply a matter of walking out of the store unnoticed and he’d be home free. As he passed the counter where the attractive young woman had been speaking with the security guard, Boris was relieved to see that both of them had vanished, probably taking their breaks together. He was just stepping out of the door when he noticed a squad of police facing him, their guns drawn in a semi-circle, every weapon pointing directly at him. Through a bullhorn, one of the police officers commanded, â€Å"Drop your bag and hit the ground, or we’ll shoot.† Boris did as he was told, stunned by the massive show of force. He looked up in despair as he saw an officer clad in a bullet-proof vest approach him cautiously. In seconds, Boris was handcuffed and jerked to his feet. He said, â€Å"I don’t understand what’s going on.† The officer who had cuffed him said, â€Å"Don’t play dumb. A clerk inside spotted you the second you walked in the door.† â€Å"Yeah, I’ve been arrested once before, but it was never with this much fuss.† â€Å"What did you expect? It’s not like you were keeping a low profile.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Without saying a word, the officer reached into his back pocket and pulled out a sheet of paper. Boris found his sketched image staring back at him from the ‘Wanted’ Bulletin. His knees went weak as he realised that he was a dead ringer for the police sketch of the man who’d just robbed the bank. How to cite Narrative Writing – Low Profile, Essays

Japanese Education Essay Example For Students

Japanese Education Essay Havent you ever wondered why Japanese students continually score higher in academics than the rest of the entire world? Education and schooling in Japan varies greatly than the schooling in America. Japanese students have a greater advantage over their American counterparts in such a way that they are gaining more of an education than the Americans. The Japanese students have to study diligently and work hard to gain a hope of getting a continued education. Japanese children have a greater opportunity to seize hold of their education than the American children. Whenever people start to think about education and IQs in general they tend to think of Japan. Japan has the leading literacy rate; at over 99% of its population having the ability to read and write. The Japanese system of education is very well organized and structured. This is due, in part, to the standardization of the subject matter and teaching tools. Students have an equal chance to get the curriculum if they transfer to a different school. This is because the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Science sets the curriculum at a standard for teachers in all schools to follow. Japans modern school system was established about a hundred years ago. This was about the time when Japan was opening trade to the rest of the world and westernizing in general. It modeled its education systems after the French and German school systems. However, it does not model just one country; it models many of them. They combine this with their own ideas to form their own personal school system. Students at the elementary level have great expectations. Their environment reflects their academic priorities. There are around twenty-five thousand elementary schools throughout Japan. A typical Japanese Elementary school will have around 300 students and a variety of activities that go on. This means that the schools are many and can focus more on the children. Students get the chance to excel in their lives. In the Japanese school day, students are in their classrooms by 8:30 a.m., and school gets out at 3:45 later that day. Those are for their typical public school classes. They have six classes throughout their school day. There are a lot of things to do in addiction to learning and studying. There are committee meetings, club activities, eating school lunch, and even cleaning. The students take almost full janitorial responsibility for their schools. The students get their lessons from their homeroom classes and have the teachers switch between the classes. This allows for the students to get bonded with their peers that are in the same homeroom. This creates a teamwork ethic that the students follow. They are taught math, Japanese, science, social studies, calligraphy, and some other subjects from their homeroom teacher. Even lunch is served, for the most part, in the homeroom classes. Their lunch also varies greatly than what were used to eating. The school lunch today is deep-fried food on rice, boiled potato seasoned with sugar and soy sauce, sauted Szechwan pickles and leeks, and milk.()The only reason the students would leave the classroom for the curriculum is if they required special conditions. These could be subjects such as physical education or chemistry, which would require a lab. Students are also encouraged to study for themselves. On top of learning in school and having an average of two hours of homework a night, they also study on their own time to give them an edge at school. Fifth and sixth year students even further this in school in their computer labs. The students are taught the basics of computer functions, after that they begin to learn on their own. They also have one hour of club activities every second week. They decide what activities the club should perform. Schools have many different clubs, including a sports club, science club, computer club, bicycle club, and many other clubs. Schooling is ver y important to them. Japanese also have very unique schools that are being developed. Some of these include Akabanedai Nishi Elementary School in Tokyo. This school is one of the leading schools to incorporate computers into the classroom. Each classroom has at least one computer on a LAN (Local Area Network) and is connected to high-speed Internet access.The curriculum is also quite advanced. Lower-grade children learn the basics of computers and begin to learn with them. The gather information over the Internet, use the information in a presentation, and report what theyve learned on their own homepages. They also use groupware to set up such things as email addresses, databases, and group Internet study. Another such development is that of an open plan method. Inside the open planning method, students have no set timetable and they learn in open areas. And since schools are open to the public, this allows for the outer world to involve themselves with the students. Since students cant conceal themselves in the classroom, they tend to talk to the teachers more freely and also become more outgoing and independent. Junior high school is quite the jump for the most part. Instead of having six subjects, they have implemented eight subjects, which include math and science. Other subjects that are required are music, fine arts, health, and physical education. All these are required throughout ninth grade.Math and science, in particular, are such subjects that become increasingly difficult. The teachers feel stressed to teach all that is needed to pass the High School entrance exams. They need to get the entire curriculum out in a space of time that is almost insufficient to allow students to learn it.The junior high school science curriculum is quite difficult. Even high school teachers will look at it and say, Wow, these kids are doing difficult things in junior high. I feel that content is such that students are probably memorizing it without understanding it. ( 10th-grade chemistry teacher, Naka Vocational High School)Students have to memorize things instead of learn them to pass their entrance examinations for High School. Despite reactions to the difficulty of the materials, the pace of the lessons in the classrooms is not what one would expect from such observations.These classes appeared to progress at a slower pace that what youd expect.In fact, there are usually a lot of students who finish early and work on homework from other classes. Textbooks in the Jr. High School situation are much different than here. Most of them are no larger than a short paperback novel. Since they belong to the students, they are allowed to write notes in the margin and keep for review for the entrance examinations. Students are required to take them home; they do not even have any lockers to keep them in. Major tests are also incorporated into the Jr. High. They are called periodic major exams (teikishiken). They are similar in form to the entrance examin ations of High School and College, and they come about once every month. A lot of students admit that they wouldnt study as much if there werent these tests to motivate them.And most students do not begin studying for them until about a week before the examination. Those teikishiken (periodic major exams) are a preparation for the real entrance exams. Completion of Jr. High School marks the end of required education in Japan. However, even though it is the end of the compulsory education, over95% of Jr. High School graduates go on to High School. To make this transition, one must pass standardized High School examinations. The examinations consist of five core subjects: mathematics, social studies, science, Japanese, and English. These tests may be prefectural or national, depending on where the student is applying. The majority of students choose prefectural schools. Unlike most countries High Schools where the area in which the school you attend is based on where you live, Japanes e students have access to a larger system of schools so long as the requirements are fulfilled. Japan is highly urbanized and most places have a sophisticated public transportation system, therefore creating an intense competition for higher-ranked schools. Twelfth night analysus Essayhttp://jin.jcic.or.jp/nipponia/nipponia16/cont.html Nipponia 2001Hidetada, Shimizu. The Educational System in Japan. http://www.ed.gov/pubs/JapanCaseStudy/index.html/ June 1998Japan Online! Japan Education. http://www.asiadragons.com/japan/education 1996-2002Kinboshi Media. Japanese Education System. http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2150.html 1996-2001Shakunage Consulting, Inc.The Japanese Educational System. Michigan: http://www.shakunage.org/page.cfm/33/ 2001Title: Japanese Educational StudyHavent you ever wondered why Japanese students continually score higher in academics than the rest of the entire world? Education and schooling in Japan varies greatly than the schooling in America. Japanese students have a greater advantage over their American counterparts in such a way that they are gaining more of an education than the Americans. The Japanese students have to study diligently and work hard to gain a hope of getting a continued education. Japanese children have a greater opportunity to seize hold of their education than the American children. I.StandardizationA. EnvironmentII.Primary SchoolsA.DutiesB.CurriculumC.StudyingD.ModernizationIII.Secondary SchoolsA.DifficultyB.MaterialsC.Entrance ExaminationsIV.Juku and YobikoA.CrammingB.TimeC.Entrance ExaminationsV.High SchoolA.CurriculumB.TrackingC.Entrance ExaminationsThese Japanese children definitely have a competitive educational edg e over a lot of the world. Although they are oftentimes pressured into their studies, they come out on top and have learned a great deal. And most of the children actually want an education. They are not just at school because they have to be. Senior High schools have over 90% admission rate to Colleges and Universities. Once they attain the College-level status, a lot of students describe it as a walk in the park in comparison to their previous years of education. These years of education allow them to become a major educated force to be reckoned with.